3-5 P52 左邊第1~4段

Energy transfer through food chains and food webs is not very efficient because, with each transfer, some usable chemical energy is degraded and lost to the environment as low-quality heat,as a result of the second law of thermodynamics.

能源轉移過食物鏈，且食物鏈不是非常有效率因為，由於熱力學的第二法律，藉由每移動，一些可使用的化學能源對環境當做低品質熱是被降級和失去的。

In other words, as energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, there is a decrease in the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level.

換句話說，當能源流過生態系統在食物鏈和網中，每個成功逐漸強烈的水準有生物可用的大量的化學能源方面的減少。

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The percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next is called ecological efficiency .

當生物量從一個營養水準到下一個水準時的可使用化學能源的百分比轉移 就叫做生態效率。


It ranges from 2% to 40% (that is , a loss of 60%-98%) depending on what types of species and ecosystems are involved , but 10% is typical.

它的範圍從 2% 到 40%(也就是有60%-98% 的能量損失) 依靠哪類的物種和生態系統被包刮，但是 10% 是典型的。

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Assuming 10% ecological efficiency (90% loss of usable energy) at each trophic transfer, if green plants in an area manage to capture 10,000 units of energy from the sun, then only about 1,000 units of chemcial energy will be available to support carnivores.

假定 10% 的生態效率 （90% 可使用能源的損失）在每個營養的轉移，如果在一個區域的綠色植物設法取得來自太陽的能源10,000個單位，那麼可用來支持肉食性動物的化學能源大約只有1000個單位。

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The more trophic levels there are in a food chain or web, the greater is the cumulative loss of usable chemcial energy as it flows through the trophic levels.

當它流過營養水準時，在一個食物 鏈或網 中營養水準愈高，可使用化學的能源累積的損失也愈多。


The pyramid of energy flow in Figure 3-16 illustrates this energy loss for a simple food chain, assuming a 90% energy loss with each transfer.

在圖 3-16 的能源流程金字塔 作圖解為 這些能源損失對一個簡單的食物鏈，假定每個轉移過程都有 90% 能源損失。

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Tertiary consumers
三級消費者(人)

Secondary
二級消費者(鱸魚)

Primary
初級消費者(浮游生物)

Producers
生產者(浮游植物)

Decomposers
分解者


****整段重點

每個營養水準轉移都會有90%的能量損失。
即10%的生態效率。